Issues Of The Renewable Energy Industry Essay - 1855 Words

Salient Issues in the Renewable Energy Industry For generations, the world has relied on the production and distribution of oil and gas to supply the world with the energy to complete necessary tasks to maintain and improve the world around us. Some of those tasks include powering manufacturing companies, our homes, or transportation that is used by everyday such as automobiles, airplanes, or trains. As the demand for oil and gas increases among companies and the world that we live in the demand for oil and gas have become heavily integrated in the strength of the economy domestically and internationally. While there is nothing wrong with the integration of oil and gas in the economy, there are however growing concerns about the future supply of oil and gas. Others have concerns about the dependence of oil and gas as they believe that the high use of oil and gas is creating and releasing too much carbon dioxide which is damaging Earth’s atmosphere. The concern about future energy sources and mother nature have led many lea ders throughout the world searching for alternative or renewable energy sources to supply energy to our homes and manufacturing plants. While several alternative energy sources exist, two of the most well-known sources of renewable energy are solar and wind energy. Solar is energy that is created by absorbing energy from the sun. Wind energy is energy that is consumed by wind turbines. Even though there are many companies that create, build, and installShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And Global Warming1474 Words   |  6 Pagesas Thomas Edison publicly demonstrated his new invention, the incandescent light bulb, the first time. This device was incredibly impactful and would eventually lead to electricity being within the houses of millions of people across the globe. Industries began to mass excavate large amounts of coal in order to produce electricity to light the homes of these people. 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Monopolistic Competitive Market Free Essays

string(203) " in a real market situation, also this paper will utilize the example to look at the type of decisions that are made by mangers of companies that operate in a monopolistic competitive markets structure\." Monopolistic Competitive Market Introduction The term market refers to the place where buyers and sellers meet to engage in transactions that entail the exchange of goods or the provision of services for a consideration. A market is not only characterized by a building where people carry out business transactions. This is because any place that people carry out commerce can be referred to as a market. We will write a custom essay sample on Monopolistic Competitive Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now A market is characterized by various mechanisms that facilitate trade. These mechanisms usually pertain to the supply and demand of products and services (Bergin, 2005). From this explanation it should be clear that a market is comprised of three main elements. The sellers these are the people who bring the products or services to the market to be procured by the willing buyers. At this stage it is imperative to highlight that in most cases sellers are the produces however in other instances the sellers are not necessarily the producers instead they can be traders. The second element of the market is the buyers. Buyers are individual who are willing and able to acquire the products or services being offered at the prevailing market price. Buyers are of two types; there are those that buy the products or services for their own consumption and there are those that buy the products or services in order to resell them in different markets. The buyers who buy the products for their own consumption are referred to as consumers whereas buyers who buy the products or services in order to resell them in different market are commonly referred to as trades and they can also be called arbitragers (Nicholson Snyder, 2008). The third element of the market is the products that are being traded. The term product can be used to refer to either goods or services that are being offered in exchange for a consideration. The term product can also be used to refer to commodities only. General Objectives One of the general objectives of this paper is to facilitate the readers of this document to gain an understanding of how markets work and most importantly how a monopolistic competitive market works. This paper will achieve this through briefly discussing various types of markets and their characteristics. Another general objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the various characteristics of the different forms of market structures. This will serve to enable the readers to carry out a comparative analysis of the various forms of market structures thus they will be able to enhance their knowledge on market structures. This objective will be attained through the analysis of the factors, which are mainly in play for the existence of a particular form of market. The paper will also seek to analyze how the various factors in such markets interrelate in order to develop a market mechanism for that form of market structure. This is because all forms of markets structures have market mechanisms. These market mechanisms are usually as result of the interaction of various factors that are both internal and external to a particular market. Specific Objectives One of the specific objectives of this paper is to discuss the conceptual theory of a monopolistic competitive market. The discussion of the monopolistic competitive market entails analyzing the various factors that characterize this particular form of market structure. This is will be important form enhance the knowledge of the readers of this paper, on monopolistic competitive market structure. The discussion of the conceptual theory will also enable the readers to have a good basis for analyzing and responding to questions that relate to monopolistic competitive market structure. Another objective is to discuss the characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market. The discussion of the characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market structure is important because it will serve to explain how the various factors involved in this type of market structure interrelate in order to this unique type of market. The discussion of the characteristic of a monopolistic competitive market will serve to enhance the understanding of the readers of how companies that operate in such a market carry out their operations. The discussion of these characteristics will serve to inform the readers the various factors that companies operating in this type of market put into consideration during decision-making. This discussion will also enable the readers to be able to identify a monopolistic competitive market in a real business situation. This paper also aims at establishing how market equilibrium is achieved both in the long – run and in the short run. This is mainly because in a monopolistic competitive market structure, market equilibrium is achieved differently both in the short – run and in the long – run. This analysis is imperative mainly because this knowledge enables the management to have a good basis for decision-making. The analysis will provide factors that the management should put into consideration whenever they are making decisions concerning either the short term or the long – term future of a company. The illustration of how market equilibriums are achieved in the short run or in the long run will enable the readers to gain understanding of how the various factors in this market structure relate in the determination of the equilibrium market prices. It will also enable to understand how companies that operate in a monopolistic competitive market adapt themselves in order to be able to operate in this particular form of market at minimal costs and manage to obtain maximum profits. This paper will also provide a practical example of a monopolistic competitive market. In this example, the paper will seek to illustrate how the conceptual theory is exhibited in this form of market structure. This paper will utilize this example in order to enhance the knowledge of the reader on how market equilibrium is attained both in the long – run and in the short – run. This example will illustrate how the various factors are displayed in a real market situation, also this paper will utilize the example to look at the type of decisions that are made by mangers of companies that operate in a monopolistic competitive markets structure. You read "Monopolistic Competitive Market" in category "Essay examples" Conceptual Theory There are four forms of market structure namely, monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. These forms of market structures are characterized by different market conditions. Markets are mainly classified according to the number of firms in the industry or the form of products sold in them. The number of firms operating in a particular market determines the level of competition in that market. Product markets are mainly categorized according to the number of firms in the industry and the degree of competition that is prevalent in a particular industry. At this stage it is also important to highlight that equilibrium prices in these markets are subject to the forces of supply and demand. The forces of supply and demand are known as the price mechanism. An individual firm on itself cannot influence the price of a commodity and can therefore only take the price prevailing in the market. Due to this condition a firm is therefore said to be a price taker (Nicholson Snyder, 2008). The movement along a demand curve is caused by changes in price of a commodity. An increase in price results in a decrease in quantity demanded hence a movement along the demand curve to the left. A shift in the demand curve is caused by changes in factors other than the price of the commodity in question. Different quantities are therefore demanded at the original price. A shift in the demand curve outwards to the right indicates that more quantities are demanded at the original price whereas a shift inwards to the left indicates that fewer quantities are demanded at the original price (Dwivedi, 2006). Movement in the supply curve is similar to movement in the demand curve. A shift in the supply curve refers to a relocation of the supply curve either outwards to the right or inwards to the left due to change in the factors that affect supply other than price. This means that at each price, a different quantity will be supplied that was previously supplied. Equilibrium price refers to the price, where the quantity demanded equals that supplied. It is the price at which the amount the customers are able and willing to buy is equal to the quantity producers willing and able to supply. The equilibrium point, refers to a point at which the demand and the supply curve intersect. Any price above the equilibrium price leads to excess supply, whereas any price below the equilibrium price leads to excess demand. Excess demand or supply causes disequilibrium in the market. Due to the excess demand for a particular commodity in the market, a shortage is created. This shortage causes the consumers to compete for the limited commodity in the market thus making the price of that commodity go up. As he price continues to rise, suppliers put more of the commodity into the market (Mandal, 2007). On the other hand, the high price also discourages some consumers from buying the commodity. This scenario of increased supply and reducing demand continues until the equilibrium price and quantity are set. When there is excess supply of a commodity in the market the prices begins to fall. As the price falls more consumers purchase the commodity. The suppliers also reduce the amount of t he commodity they are releasing into the market due to the falling prices. This scenario of falling supply and increasing demand continues until the equilibrium price and quantity are set. It is also important to highlight that a general assumption in the study of this subject is that firms aim at attaining maximum profits using minimal costs possible. This means during decision making the managers of the firm will always aim at using the least resources possible and utilise them efficiently in order to attain the maximum achievable profits possible. The level of output that will bring about maximum profit in a firm depends on the costs incurred and the revenues earned. Revenues refers to incomes obtained by a firm from the sale of its outputs and they may be categorized into three namely, total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue. Total revenue refers to the total income earned by a firm from the sale of its output. Total revenue is obtained through multiplying the total output sold by the price. Average revenue refers to income per unit of output. Average revenue can be obtained by dividing the total revenue obtained by the number of units of output. It is important to note that the average revenue is the same as the price of the commodity (Dwivedi, 2006). This implies that the average revenue curve, which relates average revenues to output, is the same as the demand curve, which relates prices to output. Marginal revenue refers to the addition to the total revenue arising from the sale of an additional unit of output. Marginal revenue can also be obtained by subtracting the previous total revenue from the current one and can be seen to be equal to the price and average revenue. Characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market This is a market structure that combines aspects of perfect competition and those of a monopoly. There are many sellers and many buyers just like in perfect competition. The commodities dealt with are similar but each firm tends to differentiate its products from those of its competitors through acts such as branding, packing, wrapping and coloring. A monopolistic competitive market structure is a combination of the features that will be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. In a monopolistic competitive market there exist many buyers and sellers. This comes in adequately because there is no single firm that can influence the prices of commodities or services in the market. If a business sells its goods or services above the market price then consumers can buy their goods from other businessmen. If a company sells its products at a lower price then chances of making a loss is very high (Mandal, 2007). Though a business may increase its prices in a perfect competition, the action may be risky since customers will move to another business. This is not the case with a monopolistic business, though a firm may lose some of the customers, some will remain due to the kind of relationship they have with the seller or even the quality of the given products. All the aforementioned factors are due to the fact that there is a large number of buyers and customers that act independently. In this form of market structure it is assumed that the sellers and the buyers of commodities are well informed about the market. That is they know the prices, quality of products and all the factors affecting the market. In this market the products are differentiated. The products from different producers either vary in quality or the product is a group of commodities which are close substitutes of each other (Mandal, 2007). For instance, in the toothpaste industry there are different brands such as Colgate, Close– up and Aquafresh. This differentiation of products from different firms enables each firm to enjoy a certain degree of monopoly power. A monopolistic competitive market is characterized by freedom of entry and exit. This means there are no barriers to a business entering or living the market. This means that new firms wishing to supply the same commodity are free to do so (Bergin, 2005). Similarly, existing firms wishing to leave the market are free to do so. How to determine equilibrium in the short – run and long – run on Monopolistic Competitive Market Structure Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Due to product differentiation, a firm under monopolistic competition is able to exercise some influence on the price of the product. This means that a firm can raise prices yet some customers will still buy at these high prices (Dwivedi, 2006). However, many customers will switch to rivals’ products. On the other hand, if the firm lowers the price, it would attract some buyers from the rival firms, thereby increasing its product’s demand. A monopolistically competitive market has a demand curve that slopes downward from left to right. In a monopolistic competitive market the demand curve is fairly elastic. This means that a small change in price will bring about more than proportionate changes in quantities demanded. This is because there are many substitutes in the market. The demand curve is more elastic than the one faced by a monopolist but less elastic than a perfectly competitive market whose demand is perfectly elastic (Jehle Reny, 2011). The relationship between average revenue and marginal revenue is similar to that of a monopolist. For average revenue to be increasing as more units of output are sold, the marginal revenue must be lower than the average revenue. Short – run equilibrium output under monopolistic competition A firm under monopolistic competition will be at equilibrium at an output when profits are maximized. This is the position when marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. This is at price P1 and quantity Qe. However, there still excess demand and the firm can maximize its profits by changing price Pe. The firm will therefore produce quantity Qe and sell at price Pe (Jehle Reny, 2011). Qe represents equilibrium output and P1 represents equilibrium price. The price at which the equilibrium output can be sold is determined by the demand Curve (Average Revenue) and its price. Profits are maximized at a level of output between O (zero) and the equilibrium quantity demanded. Long – run equilibrium output under monopolistic competition A firm under monopolistic competition can make supernormal profits in the short – run. Since there is free entry of new firm into the market, the supernormal profits will attract the new firms with the effect that demand for the old firm’s customers will be taken by new firms. The demand curve for the old firm therefore shifts right to left (Mandal, 2007). A lower quantity is demanded at each price. Firms are likely to increase expenditure on product promotion due to increased competition, which in turn would cause the average total cost curve to shift upwards. New firms will continue to enter the market as long as the existing equilibrium is achieved and all firms would be earning normal profits. The equilibrium point is where the average revenue is equal to the average cost. This point is achieved in the long run when the average revenue curve is a tangent to the average cost curve. The firm will be at equilibrium when it produces output at the equilibrium quantity demanded (Bergin, 2005). This is where the marginal revenues equal the marginal cost because the firm is in the business of profit maximization. At the point of equilibrium, the average cost is equal to the average revenue. This is so because competitive pressure means that a firm can neither make a loss nor earn supernormal profits. At this point of equilibrium the firm is making normal profits only. Conclusion An example of a monopolistic competitive market is the toothpaste market. The toothpaste market is characterized by firms that offers products that are similar but they are highly differentiated. Consumers of Colgate toothpaste believe that Colgate is the number one brand of toothpaste that ensures strong teeth. As a result of this the consumers are normally willing to buy toothpaste regardless of the price. Consumers of Aquafresh toothpaste believe that Aquafresh is the number one brand that ensures healthy germs and fresh breathe. As a result of this customers are willing to always procure the Aquafresh toothpaste regardless of the price. Consumers of the two products believe the products are different and this is because of the way the manufacturers have positioned the brands. REFERENCES Bergin, J. (2005). Microeconomic Theory: A concise Course. New York: Oxford University Press. Dwivedi, D. N. (2006). Microeconomics: Theory Applications. New Delhi: Dorling kindersley. Jehle, G. A. , Reny, P. J. (2011). Advanced Microeconomic Theory. New York: Pretence Hall. Mandal, R. K. (2007). Microeconomic Theory. New Delhi: Atlantic Publisher. Nicholson, W. , Snyder, C. (2008). Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extension. New York: Cengage Learning. How to cite Monopolistic Competitive Market, Essay examples

Commercial Law System

Question: Mark, Peter and Mary were out on a Saturday night celebrating the successful formation of a new business venture. They went to a special restaurant up in the hills, Hilltop Point, to mark this occasion. After a great night of eating and drinking, they decided to continue their party at Watchout Point, a scenic hilltop spot with a spectacular view of the city. On their way, they stopped at a bottle shop to buy 2 bottles of premium French champagne.When they reached Watchout Point, they parked the car at the car park which was located at the top of the cliff. There was a 2 meter fence to prevent people from going beyond that point as it was not far away from the cliff edge. There were no warning signs but the cliff was very visible. Anyone can very clearly see the cliffs. In fact, the cliff was part of this beautiful scenery which attracted visitors.At first, the trio sat in the car and chatted and drank champagne. As the night progressed Peter, who had too much to drink, got out of th e car and dared theothers to climb over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. While the otherswere reluctant, Peter climbed over the fence and walked to the edge of the cliff.He lost his balance and fell off the cliff and broke his leg. Peter wishes to sue theWillow Council who is responsible for Watchout Point.What must Peter do to establish a breach of duty by Willow Council? Is Peter likely to succeed in establishing such a breach? Give reasons for your answer. Answer: Issue: the issue in the present case is if Willow Council is liable for Johns injuries after felling from the cliff as he crossed over the fence that the council has installed. Therefore, Willow Councils liability under the tort of negligence needs to be decided as well as the question if the Council has failed to take reasonable steps which could have prevented people from falling off the edge. Another issue that needs to be decided is if Willow Council owes a duty of care towards John. There is another issue in the present case which is associated with the liability of the manufacturer of champagne bottle. The bottle of champagne had a different type of cap and while opening it, Mark was hit by the cock stopper. Rule: In order to decide the issue of liability of Willow Council, it needs to be seen if the Council has a duty of care towards John. In the same way, it also needs to be seen if the duty of care has been violated by the Council and the injuries suffered by John can be attributed to such breach of duty and the injuries suffered by John by the reasonable foreseeable consequence of Council's action or inaction. Generally, in such cases, compensation can be claimed by using the doctrine of duty of care. In this regard, the doctrine of duty of care provides that a party can be considered as liable under the law of negligence towards the other party. The neighborhood principle has also been provided by the court in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) where Lord Atkins mentioned that a party should take reasonable care in order to avoid the acts or omissions that may cause injury to the neighbour of the party. The court sees in these cases if there is reasonable proximity between the claimant and defendant. Similarly, the court also asked to see if the damage caused by the act or omission was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. It is also considered by the court if under similar circumstances, the risk of damage could have been foreseen by any reasonable person. Another requirement is to see that if it would be reasonable on part of the defendant to impose their duty of care. The concept of duty of care has been elaborated in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856), where the court identified that the negligence of the defendant needs to be decided with the help of the standard of reasonable person. Thus, a party cannot be said to be negligent if the party has taken all the reasonable precautions and at the same time, the conduct of the party is according to the standard of any other reasonable person under similar circumstances (Sappideen, 2009). In the same way, the test for deciding the presence of duty of care was mentioned in Caparo Industries plc. v Dickman (1990). According to this test, it is considered it the injury or the loss of the claimant is the reasonably foreseeable result of the conduct of the defendant. But at the same time, the courts also have to look for the presence of a relationship of sufficient proximity or in other words, neighborhood, between the parties. Similarly, the courts have to see if under the circumstances of the case, it will be reasonable to impose liability on such party. The law states in such cases that usually, the duty of care is not present if steps have been taken to minimize or prevent the harm that may be caused to the other party. But if a person has created a dangerous situation, even blamelessly, the duty of care provides that care should be taken to avoid injury or loss to others. For example, a person has left his or her car on the road with the headlights off. Therefore, the duty of care provides that even if the road was well lit, such person has a duty towards other drivers on the road. Therefore, if another car collides with the stationary car, such person can be held jointly liable. On the other hand, under some circumstances, a person can be considered as liable for pure omissions also (Wyong Shire Council V. Shirt, 1980). Therefore, when a previous relationship is present, a body can be held liable. Similarly, a statute may also impose such a relationship among the parties. So far as the second issue is concerned, the Court has stated in Donoghue v Stevenson that the tort of negligence is a separate tort in itself. According to the law, civil action can be taken by the plaintiff in case of a loss or injury that has been suffered due to the negligence of the respondent. Before Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), in order to establish negligence, it was necessary for the plaintiff to establish a contractual agreement between the parties which included the sale of goods or services. But the drink was not purchased by the plaintiff in this case and therefore a contractual relationship could not be established. But in its judgment, the court stated that the manufacturer of the drink can be considered as liable. Therefore, the law provides that a duty of care is present on part of the manufacturers of products towards the consumers who ultimately consumed the product (Keenan, 2007). According to the neighbor principle divided by Lord Atkins, a neighbor can be consid ered as a person who is directly affected by the actions of the other party. Therefore, the court stated that the other party is required to take care and avoid the actions that can be reasonably foreseen by such party to injure the neighbor. Application: By applying the above stated legal principles to the present case, it can be said that Mark, Peter and Mary have consumed two bottles of champagne when they were celebrating the completion of their education. After consuming the champagne, Peter climbed the fence and went towards the edge. At this point, he lost his balance and as a result fell from there. Due to the fall, he broke his leg. As a result, he wants to sue the Council has he believes that the council has been negligent as it had failed to take reasonable precautions so that the people can be prevented from falling off from the cliff. Therefore, Peter claims that the Council has breached its duty of care towards Peter. On the other hand, Willow Council had created a fence in order to stop the visitors from going towards the edge of the cliff due to the danger that they may fall from the edge. But it needs to be noted in this case that although cliff was visible, no warning signs have been installed on that pl ace. Another point another point that needs to be mentioned is that when Peter fell from the cliff, he was drunk. In the present case, Willow Council was aware of the fact that due to the scenic beauty of the place, a large number of people came there. These people faced the risk of falling off in case they went near the edge. Regarding the issue of liability of the manufacture of champagne bottle, it needs to be seen if the manufacturers had reasonably discharged its duty to warn the ultimate consumers by informing that the cap of the bottle was of a special type and therefore, a person may receive injury if the water was not opened properly. However, in this case, the manufacturer of the champagne bottle has not provided any warning on the bottle due to which, Mark suffered an injury when he was trying to open the bottle and the cock stopper hit his nose. Conclusion On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion, it can be said that Willow Council can be held liable for the injuries suffered by Peter. The Council did not take all the reasonable precautions in this case as it was reasonably foreseeable for the council that a large number of people visited that place and any person may fall off the cliff. So far as the second issue concerning the liability of the champagne bottle manufacturer is concerned, the manufacturers can also be held liable as the duty of care has been breached in this case. As no warning has been provided by the manufacturer on the bottle in order to on the consumers that the cap of the bottle is of special type and the consumers may suffer an injury if they do not handle the cock stopper properly. Therefore in this case, Mark can succeed in case he decides to sue the wine company.

Wwi-Treaty Of Versailles Essays - France, Bulgaria In World War I

Wwi-Treaty Of Versailles World War I - Treaty of Versailles In the peace settlement Germany was forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. This was a totally justifiable demand on the part of the victorious powers. The Treaty of Versailles was enacted into history in June 1919 with Germany forced to accept sole responsibility for causing World War I. Since then there has been considerable debate concerning the war but even today historians still cannot fully agree upon the causes. Some support has been given to the theory that Germany was totally responsible for the war however substantial evidence does not support that view. Therefore the insistence by the victorious powers to include in the Treaty that Germany accept total blame cannot be justified. This essay examines certain events and actions prior to the July crisis. These caused tension and hostility among nations but did not have a direct bearing upon the war. Also it has been determined that there were decisions and courses of action taken by several nations follow ing the assassination of Franz Ferdinand heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne which did have a direct bearing upon World War I. Development of political and military alliances caused tension and hostility among nations leading up to World War I. Two major alliance systems developed due to conflicting national interests which had been evident during the past two decades throughout Europe. These were the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Also several smaller countries became indirectly involved in the alliances which effectively divided Europe into two Armed Camps. Russia pledged to support Serbia in order to prevent further Austrian-Hungarian expansion into the Balkans. Germany stated its support for Austria-Hungary and Britain had given its support for Belgiums 2.neutrality in 1839. However while these political and military alliances existed there is no direct evidence to indicate that any nation declared wa r on that basis. There had been several crisis during the period 1905-1913. First the Moroccan crisis involving France and Germany during 1905 and 1911. No wars eventuated only tensions and fears regarding Germanys aggressive expansionist policies. Britain supported France being involved in Morocco and France conceded some territory in the Congo to Germany. Second the 1908 Balkans crisis eventuated because of the collapse of the Ottoman [Turkish] Empire. Austria-Hungary annexed the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Serbia was insensed and sought Russian assistance. Germany became involved and Russia backed down. Finally two wars developed in the Balkans. The first Balkan war [1912] was between Turkey and the Balkan League [Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece] with Turkey being driven out of the Balkans. The second Balkan war [1913] occurred between Bulgaria and Serbia/Greece. Winning this war strengthened Serbs position and this gave Austria-Hungary concern regarding its influence in the Bal kans. The main significance of the Balkan wars was the position of Britain and France placing restraint on Russia and Germany restraining Austria-Hungary. This did not happen with the July crisis of 1914 which resulted in World War I. [Condron - The Making of the Modern World] Also the two Balkan wars resulted in renewed antagonism between Bulgaria and the other Balkan states especially Serbia and caused general dissatisfaction because of the interference of the great powers in Balkan politics.[Grolier - World War I]. Evidence does support that while the various events discussed did not contribute directly to World War I they did indeed contribute to extreme tensions and suspicions between the great powers and certainly fueled the arms race which in effect prepared nations for the total disaster that was to follow the July crisis. The arms race which mainly involved Britain and Germany began in 1896 when Germany took the decision to significantly expand its navy. This intense compet ition which developed created significant tensions between nations. The intensity to expand was further fueled following each major crisis which developed during the period 1905-1913. Britain hardened its position towards Germany. The arms race also extended to other areas such as the expansion and modernization of armies. Evidence suggests that due to the large increase in expenditure on navies and armies together with 3.transport and equipment Britain and the European nations were in fact preparing for

Free Essays on Butterfly Effect

As Maximus says in the movie Gladiator, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† The Butterfly Effect, in its essence, says that a small change, such as a flap of a butterfly’s wings in China, may trigger a much larger circumstance across the globe, such as a storm front in New York. Drastic changes result from small changes in the initial settings. When we take a closer look, it becomes evident that this idea is relevant is all of our lives. My experience with the Butterfly Effect started two years ago. Summer had begun and I was still without a summer job. My friends already had a couple of weeks of steady income under their belts, and I was beginning to worry that my ideal job would not present itself. Then, my problems were solved †¦ almost. Within a couple hours, I received phone calls by two possible employers. First, I was called by Paul, my volleyball coach, in need of someone to do manual labor for the summer. I would be sandblasting for him. The pay was very good for my age but would also come only with hard, tedious work. The other job offer came from Donna, a family friend, involving a new tennis camp she was directing. She asked if I were interested in being a counselor for the summer; there would be minimal pay but a relaxed workplace. Putting off my decision for a while, I went out with my friends, knowing I would have to face my decision when I came back. After weighing my options, I settled on working for Paul. It seemed like the right decision, especially with the bill for club volleyball still on my â€Å"To-Pay† list. When I got home, I went to the phone to call Paul and tell him that I was available for the summer. As I was looking up his number, the phone rang in my hand; it was my grandmother with her usual call to check up on me. Our talk lasted a good half an hour before I realized I had to call Paul before he closed up the shop. I finished with my grandmother and dialed up Paul. Wh... Free Essays on Butterfly Effect Free Essays on Butterfly Effect As Maximus says in the movie Gladiator, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† The Butterfly Effect, in its essence, says that a small change, such as a flap of a butterfly’s wings in China, may trigger a much larger circumstance across the globe, such as a storm front in New York. Drastic changes result from small changes in the initial settings. When we take a closer look, it becomes evident that this idea is relevant is all of our lives. My experience with the Butterfly Effect started two years ago. Summer had begun and I was still without a summer job. My friends already had a couple of weeks of steady income under their belts, and I was beginning to worry that my ideal job would not present itself. Then, my problems were solved †¦ almost. Within a couple hours, I received phone calls by two possible employers. First, I was called by Paul, my volleyball coach, in need of someone to do manual labor for the summer. I would be sandblasting for him. The pay was very good for my age but would also come only with hard, tedious work. The other job offer came from Donna, a family friend, involving a new tennis camp she was directing. She asked if I were interested in being a counselor for the summer; there would be minimal pay but a relaxed workplace. Putting off my decision for a while, I went out with my friends, knowing I would have to face my decision when I came back. After weighing my options, I settled on working for Paul. It seemed like the right decision, especially with the bill for club volleyball still on my â€Å"To-Pay† list. When I got home, I went to the phone to call Paul and tell him that I was available for the summer. As I was looking up his number, the phone rang in my hand; it was my grandmother with her usual call to check up on me. Our talk lasted a good half an hour before I realized I had to call Paul before he closed up the shop. I finished with my grandmother and dialed up Paul. Wh...

Periodicity Definition in Chemistry

Periodicity Definition in Chemistry Periodicity Definition In the context of chemistry and the periodic table, periodicity refers to trends or recurring variations in element properties with increasing atomic number. Periodicity is caused by regular and predictable variations in element atomic structure. Mendeleev organized elements according to recurring properties to make a periodic table of elements. Elements within a group (column)  display similar characteristics. The rows in the periodic table (the periods) reflect the filling of electrons shells around the nucleus, so when a new row begins, the elements stack on top of each other with similar properties. For example, helium and  neon are both fairly unreactive gases that glow when an electric current is passed through them.  Lithium and sodium both have a 1 oxidation state and are reactive, shiny metals. Uses of Periodicity Periodicity was helpful to Mendeleev because it showed him gaps in his periodic table where elements should be. This helped scientists find new elements because they could be expected to display certain characteristics based on the location they would take in the periodic table. Now that the elements have been discovered, scientists and students used periodicity to make predictions about how elements will behave in chemical reactions and their physical properties. Periodicity helps chemists predict how the new, superheavy elements might look and behave. Properties That Display Periodicity Periodicity can include many different properties, but the key recurring trends are: Ionization Energy  - This is the energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom or ion. Ionization energy increases moving left to right across the table and decreases moving down a group.Electronegativity - A measure of how readily an atom forms a chemical bond.  Electronegativity increases moving left to right across a period and decrease moving down a group.Atomic Radius - This is half the distance between the middle of two atoms just touching each other. Atomic radius decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a group. Ionic radius is the distance for ions of the atoms and follows the same trend. Although it might seem like increasing the number of protons and electrons in an atom would always increase its size, the atom size doesnt increase until a new electron shell is added. Atom and ion sizes shrink moving across a period because the increasing positive charge of the nucleus pulls in the electron shell.Electron Affinity - This is a measure of readily an atom accepts an electron. Electron affinity increases moving across a period and decreases moving down a group. Nonmetals usually have higher electron affinities than metals. The noble gases are an exception to the trend since these elements have filled electron valence shells and electron affinity values approaching zero. However, the behavior of the noble gases is periodic. In other words, even though an element group might break a trend, the elements within the group display periodic properties. If youre still confused or need additional information, a more detailed overview of periodicity is also available.

The Scarlet Letter Plot Motif Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Scarlet Letter Plot Motif - Essay Example The way in which sin is associated with darkness and repentance to light is well consumed by the writer. The entire romance thus becomes a kind of exposition of nature. The mood of the characters is effectively set using the motifs. All the major actions of the characters can be categorized to those which happen in the darkness and those which happen in light. It takes place at Boston where people consider religion and law almost similar .The door of the jail was flung open. Led by the down beadle, a young woman emerged, bearing in her arms a child. On the breast of her gown appeared the letter A, done in fine red cloths, and elaborately embroidered. She was Hester Prynne who had been ordered to wear the scarlet letter â€Å"A†- â€Å"A† standing for adultery upon her bosom, for the reminder of her life as a mark of shame. Hester went up the steps of the scaffold. She was condemned to stand on the platform of the pillory for a space of three hours, as a mark of public d isgrace. The real sinner, the guilty lover, Dimmesdale is their itself before all, in the cold rays of light. Though he is exposed to deal with the sinner standing in front of him, he successfully hides himself in the darkness of his mind. Before the people like Governor Belligham , the reverend John Wilson ,the eldest clergyman. Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale was assigned the special charge of dealing with the poor sinners soul . It was at Dimmesdale that Hester had brought her scandalous sin. So Dimmesdale, her pastor came forward and exhorted Hester to name the man who was her partner in guilt. Hester says â€Å" Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him †¦. But Hester refused to say the name of the father of her child Pearl instead says â€Å"my child must seek a heavenly father ...† The physician, before whom Hester was brought, is the real husband of her. Being afraid of the reality he also hides himself at the corner of his heart. After the captivity, on the day of her public punishment itself, he came to the town; saw her standing as a sinner. He suddenly raised his fingers near to the lips, thus making her silence about their past relations. They repented each other for misusing their youth. Though Roger begged her to reveal the name of her child’s father, she did not and also promise not to reveal the relation between the two. The period of punishment was over and Hester decided to settle in a small house on the outskirts of the town with her child Pearl. She engaged in needlework .But Pearl was growing up as an undisciplined girl. To save her from the custody of her mother and to bring her up as a good child, the governor Bellingham, Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth decided to take the child away from her. But Dimmesdale interfered and Hester was allowed to keep Pearl. The reverend believes that in the presence of pearl, Hester will not go into darkness. Thus once gain Pearl stand for the powerful light that can brig hten the life of Hester After that Dimmesdale began growing emaciated or the darkness in his mind began to fade always to receive the light of repentance. Roger Chillingworth was there to look after him. â€Å"Chilling worth maniacally uses his skills as a physician to probe, control, and otherwise torture the ailing Dimmesdale† (Johnson 63). The doctor understood that he was much perturbed by feeling of conscience and guilt. Chillingworth, so shrewd he was, could clearly infer the cause of Dimmesdale malady. Probably Dimmesdale was suffering from a troubled conscience because of his involvement with Hester in adultery. Dimmesdale longed to confess his sin from the pulpit of his participation in adulterous act. He wanted to tell the people how impure he was. The anguish in him was so strong to pull him to stand on the pulpit where Hester